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30 For a further elaboration on Bourdieu s thought see Richard Jenkins,
Pierre Bourdieu (second edition), (2002) in this series.
31 Michael Pusey, Jürgen Habermas, London: Routledge (1987), p.
26.
32 Anthony Giddens, New Rules of Sociological Method. London:
Hutchinson (1976).
33 Bauman, Intimations of Postmodernity, p. 155.
34 José Guilherme Merquior, Foucault, London: Fontana (1987), p. 54.
35 Zygmunt Bauman, Postmodern Ethics, Oxford: Blackwell (1993).
36 As Nicholas H. Smith in Strong Hermeneutics: Contingency and
Moral Identity, London: Routledge (1997), p. 21, points out, drawing
148 Notes
on Charles Taylor s concept of perspicuous articulation in
Philosophical Arguments, Cambridge: Harvard University Press
(1995), I have a rational grasp of something if I can articulate it in
a perspicuously ordered, a fortiori consistent account .
37 Anthony Giddens, The Constitution of Society, Cambridge: Polity
Press (1984).
38 Hermeneutics and Modern Social Theory , p. 55.
39 Zygmunt Bauman, in an interview with Milena Yakimova, A Post-
modern Grid on the Worldmap , in Eurozine (2002) at http://
www.eurozine.com/article/2002-11-08-bauman-en.htmtl.
40 Bauman s sociology breaks down all the false dichotomies that
continue to nag sociology between individual and society, fact and
fiction, subject and object, and so on and so forth.
41 Bauman, A Postmodern Grid on the Worldmap .
2 BAUMAN S SOCIOLOGY
1 Liquid Sociality , p. 17.
2 Robert Rinehart, Fictional Methods in Ethnography: Believability,
Specks of Glass and Chekhov , in Qualitative Inquiry (1998), 4(2),
p. 201.
3 For a critical discussion of Bauman s participation in Marxist
revisionism see Keith Tester, The Social Thought of Zygmunt Bauman.
4 Michel Foucault, Preface , in G. Deleuze and F. Guattari (eds) Anti-
Oedipus: Capital and Schizophrenia, New York: Viking (1983), p.
xi (my italics).
5 Frank Parkin, Max Weber (revised edition), London: Routledge
(2002), p. x.
6 Agnes Heller, A Theory of Modernity, Oxford: Blackwell (1999),
p. 8.
7 Zygmunt Bauman, Legislators and Interpreters: On Modernity, Post-
Modernity and Intellectuals, Cambridge: Polity Press (1987), pp.
4 5.
8 Following the lead of Eric Hobsbawm in his seminal history of The
Age of Extremes: the Short Twentieth Century, where he makes a
compelling argument that the 20th century essentially started with
the advent of World War One in 1914 and ended in 1991 with the
final collapse of the Soviet Union, Arthur Marwick, The Sixties,
Oxford: Oxford University Press (1998), makes an equally persuasive
case for the periodization of the long sixties to be put at between
c.1958 and c.1974.
Notes 149
9 David Macey, Zygmunt Bauman , in The Penguin Dictionary of
Critical Theory, London: Penguin (2000), p. 35.
10 Zygmunt Bauman, Postmodernity and Its Discontents. Cambridge:
Polity Press (1997), p. 87.
11 In solid modernity, it was indeed within the reach of many to imagine
alternative ways of living. Bauman suggests that it is important to
acknowledge this, since it would be naive to propose that the denizens
of solid modernity were completely embedded so immersed in
their social class and gender positions that it was impossible for
their members to step outside of their habitus. Just as they do today,
sameness and difference lived side-by-side in solid modernity. It
was possible to choose and it was possible to doubt, but for the
majority of men and women, in particular the working classes, it
was not always that easy because the pressures to conform were
strong. In solid modernity, diversity was not the rule of thumb.
12 Keith Tester, The Social Thought of Zygmunt Bauman, p. 108.
13 Zygmunt Bauman, Britain s Exit From Politics , New Statesman
and Society (1988), 29 July, p. 36.
14 Ibid.
15 Identity, p. 32.
16 Karl Marx, Capital, Chicago: Charles H. Kerr and Co. (1906).
17 Harry Harootunian, Karatani s Marxian Parallax , in Radical
Philosophy (2004), 127, p. 31.
18 Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, Cambridge, MA: Harvard
Univeristy Press (1999, 1982).
19 For a brief but full discussion of the major ideas and theorists
associated with the Frankfurt School see Tom Bottomore, The
Frankfurt School (revised edition) (2002) in this series.
20 Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer, Culture Industry: the
Enlightenment of Mass Deception , in T.W. Adorno and M.
Horkheimer (eds) Dialectic of Enlightenment, London: Verso (1979).
21 Intimations of Postmodernity.
22 Ibid., p. 188.
23 Zygmunt Bauman, Identity: Conversations with Benedetto Vecchi,
Cambridge: Polity Press (2004) p. 52.
24 See Slavoj *i)ek, The Sublime Object of Ideology, London: Verso
(1989) and Slavoj *i)ek (ed.) Mapping Ideology, London: Verso
(1994).
25 Mark Poster, Critical Theory and Technoculture: Habermas and
Baudrillard , in Douglas Kellner (ed.) Baudrillard: A Critical Reader,
Oxford: Blackwell (1994).
150 Notes
26 Jean Baudrillard, Paroxysm: Interviews with Phillipe Petit, London:
Verso (1998).
27 Identity, p. 74.
28 As Bauman puts it in Daniel Leighton, Searching for Politics in an
Uncertain World: Interview with Zygmunt Bauman , in Renewal: a
Journal of Labour Politics (2002), 10(1) Winter: In the world of
consumers, the poor who are currently un-performing consumer
duties are, purely and simply, flawed consumers and flawed beyond
redemption (and vice versa: those who cannot behave as the right
and proper consumer should consider themselves, and are viewed
by others, as poor).
29 Bauman, Intimations of Postmodernity.
30 Richard Kilminster and Ian Varcoe, Culture and Power in the
Writings of Zygmunt Bauman , in Kilminster and Varcoe (eds)
Culture, Modernity and Revolution, London: Routledge (1996), pp.
215 47.
31 Jean Baudrillard, The Perfect Crime, London: Verso (1996).
32 Identity, p. 33.
33 Legislators and Interpreters.
34 Zygmunt Bauman, Towards a Critical Sociology: An Essay on
Common Sense and Emancipation. London: Routledge and Kegan
Paul (1976).
35 Talcott Parsons, The Structure of Social Action, New York: McGraw-
Hill (1937).
36 Jean-François Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report On
Knowledge, Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press (1984).
37 This is not to say that Bauman does not recognize the ambivalence
of freedom. For Bauman, freedom is always a social relation rather
than an abstract concept and he knows that one person s happiness
and freedom can mean another s misery and unfreedom.
38 Isaiah Berlin, Four Essays on Liberty, Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks
(1969).
39 For a fuller discussion see Henri Lefebvre, The Sociology of Marx,
New York: Columbia University Press (1982), pp. 5 7.
40 Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity, Cambridge:
Polity Press (1990), p. 1.
41 Anthony Giddens, Living in Post-Traditional Society , in U. Beck,
A. Giddens and S. Lash (eds) Reflexive Modernization: Politics,
Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order. Cambridge:
Polity Press (1994), p. 63.
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