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future. They may coexist in mutual ignorance of each other s insights and power; each
one may try to suppress or eliminate the other; or they may finally learn that their worlds
inevitably intersect, and that such areas of common ground need not be seen as a threat
but may be seen as an opportunity for greater understanding. The point at which science
and religion must overlap is the human mind itself; yet the origins, nature, and final
destiny of the mind remain hidden from public knowledge. The empirical study of the
mind, unconstrained by the dogmatic principles of scientific materialism and all other
religious creeds, awaits us. We are faced with the challenge of restoring our own
subjectivity to the natural world, acknowledging its meaningful role in nature. The
methods of both science and religion provide us with indispensable tools for such
research; and, as William James suggests, we may find that at this point of intersection
between the worlds of science and of religion, higher energies filter in.
NOTES
INTRODUCTION
1. See Giiven Giizeldere (1995).
2. Augustine (391/1937), bk. 3, chs. 20-21.
3. N. S. Sutherland (1989).
4. R. Shorto (1997) and Sharon Begley (1998).
5. International Herald Tribune, December 24 5, 1991, p. 4.
6. Bertrand Russell (1961) pp. 171 72.
7. Peter Smith and O. R. Jones (1988) p. 29.
8. See Albert Einstein (1950), p. 25, (1954), p. 40.
9. See Bronislaw Malinowski (1925/1948), and Michael A. Arbib and Mary B. Hesse
(1986), p. 17.
10. See Emile Boutroux (1911) p. 324.
11. For other arguments promoting the separation of religion and science since the
European Enlightenment, see Immanuel Kant (1781/1998), (1788/1997) and Friedrich
Schleiermacher (1799/1988); among contemporary thinkers, see Holmes Rolston III
(1987) and Stanley J. Tambiah (1990).
12. Jeremy W. Hayward and Francisco J. Varela (1992); Dalai Lama (1992); Francisco
Varela (1997); Daniel Goleman (1997); Zara Houshmand, Robert Livingston, and B.
Alan Wallace, (1999).
13. See Dalai Lama (1996); Rodger Kamenetz (1994).
I. FOUR DIMENSIONS OF THE SCIENTIFIC TRADITION
1. See B. Alan Wallace (1996), ch. 2.
2. See Paul Feyerabend (19943).
3. See Bas C. van Fraassen (1989), p. 9.
4. Charles Taylor (1989), pp. 33-34.
5. Ernan McMullin (1994), pp. 103-4.
6. Arthur Koestler (1959), p. 447.
7. Bas C. van Fraassen (1989). See also Michael A. Arbib and Mary B. Hesse (1986).
8. Ian Hacking (1983).
9. See Paul M. Churchland (19903).
10. See Paul Feyerabend (1994^.
11. See Jacques Monod (1971). For a revealing account of the many nonobjec-tive
elements that influence scientific research and knowledge, see Thomas S. Kuhn (1970).
12. Cited in D. Wilson (1983), p. 391.
13. See Richard Feynman, R. B. Leighton, and M. Sands (1963), pp. 1-9.
14. See Evan J. Squires (1990), p. 15.
15. See Peter Coveney and Roger Highfield (1990), pp. 295 97.
16. See Paul M. Churchland (19903), p. n.
17. Edward O. Wilson (19983), p. 54; see Edward O. Wilson (iggSb).
18. See B. Alan Wallace (1996), ch. 3.
19. See Albert Einstein (1954), On Scientific Truth ; (1950).
20. See Thomas Nagel (1986).
21. Patricia Smith Churchland (1998), p. 127.
22. Giiven Giizeldere (1998), p. 25.
23. William James (1890/1950), pp. 290-91.
24. Ibid., p. 322. Throughout this book, all italics in quoted citations are found in the
original works unless otherwise indicated.
25. Cited in Arthur Koestler (1967), p. 5.
26. John B. Watson (1913).
27. Cited in Arthur Koestler (1967), p. 5.
28. Ibid., p. 7.
29. See A. J. Ayer (1946), pp. 90 94.
30. B. F. Skinner (1974), p. 4.
31. See Paul M. Churchland (19903) and Stephen Stich (1983).
32. See Dudley Shspere (1982).
33. Edwsrd O. Wilson (19983), p. 65.
34. Ibid., p. 68.
35. Ibid., p. 68.
36. Ibid., p. 64.
37. See Stephen Hawking s comments in Renee Weber (1986), p. 208; Richard Feynman
(1983), pp. 172-73.
38. Emile Durkheim (1912/1965), p. 56.
39. Ibid., p. 341.
40. Ibid., p. 338.
41. Ibid., p. 340.
42. Ibid., p. 224.
43. Ibid., p. 225. Retranslated by Steven Lukes (1973), pp. 464-65.
44. Galileo, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina, in Stillman Drake (1957), pp. 182-
83.
45. Albert Einstein (1954), pp. 274, 232.
46. Ibid., p. 223.
47. Ibid., p. 270.
48. Richard Feynman, R. B. Leighton, and M. Sands (1963), p. 4 2.
49. See Sir Arthur Eddington (1955), p. 217.
50. See B. Alan Wallace (1996), ch. 3.
51. For a critique of the apparent unity of science, see Peter Galison and David J. Stump
(1996).
52. Emile Durkheim (1912/1965), p. 477.
53. Cited in John Hedley Brooke (1991), p. 31.
54. Albert Einstein (1954), p. 40.
55. Albert Einstein, Autobiographical Notes, in Paul Arthur Schlipp (1969), PP- 3-5-
56. See Peter Medawar (1984), p. 60; Douglas Sloan (1983), p. 7, Michael A. Arbib and
Mary B. Hesse (1986), p. 197; and Huston Smith (1982).
2. THEOLOGICAL IMPULSES IN THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
1. See Augustine (391/1937), bk. 2, chs. 10 n and 16.
2. See Keith Thomas (1971).
3. Exodus 22:18. New International Version.
4. Lorraine Nicolas Remy (1595/1930) p. xii, cited in Brian Easlea (1980), p. 29.
5. See David Ray Griffin (1989), pp. 84 86.
6. W. F. Whitehead (1897/1971), bk. i, ch. 68, p. 206, cited in Brian Easlea (1980), p. 94.
7. Robert K. Merton (1949), p. 329.
8. Rene Descartes (1973), pt. 4, sec. 187; (vol. 3, p. 5O2n).
9. Francis Bacon, Novum Organon, in Spedding, vol. 4, p. 47, cited in Brian Easlea
(1980), 128.
10. See Daniel 12:3-4.
11. Rene Descartes (1960), pt. 6, sec. 62 (p. 45).
12. See Michael Foster (1934), (1936) and Francis Oakley (1961).
13. Otto von Gierke (1927), p. 173, n. 256.
14. Jean Calvin (1989), I.v.5.
15. Thomas Sprat (1667/1959), pp. 339-41, cited in Brian Easlea (1980), p. 4.
16. See H. G. Alexander (1717/1956).
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